A valuable historical work by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, a Spanish explorer, author, historian, astronomer, scientist, and humanist of the sixteenth century. His life was full of the most surprising adventures: he was three times convicted and acquitted by the Inquisition, pursued the leader of English pirated Francis Drake from Peru to Panama, was taken prisoner by the English and then the French, and participated in other risky ventures. One has to regret that such an eventful life allowed him to write more than just one book. “History of the Incas” was written in 1572, however remained unknown for the reader during more than three centuries and saw the light of the day only in the year 1906 in Berlin. The author recreates the chronicle of “Inca tyrants and of their blind heathenism” in 70 small chapters. Besides these volume and “Viales al Estrecho de Magallanes,” Sarmiento de Gamboa showed his worth as a writer in reports, memoranda, letters and other documents.