EDITOR'S INTRODUCTIONMR. GLADSTONE once let fall an expression . about the difference between "war and a state of war." The phrase might almost be applied to the condition of the United States before and after the surrender of the southern armies described in the previous volume of this series (Hosmer, Outcome of the Civil War); for from 1865 to 1877, the field of the present volume. Federal troops remained in the South, almost as garrisons in a hostile country. Yet it must never be forgotten that when the guns were once silenced no person was deprived of life or property because of his connection with the Confederacy. The North also had its reconstruction, and in the process suffered terribly from unfit officials, the plundering of public treasuries, and the degradation of civic standards.To the mind of Professor Dunning, reconstruction appears, therefore, not to be simply a process applied by the victorious section to the defeated; but a realignment of national powers, a readjTable of Contents CONTENTS; CHAP PAOB; Editor's Introduction xiii; Author's Preface xv; i Problems op the Restored Union (1865) 3; 11 Working towards a Peace Basis (1865) 18 in The Policy and Ambition of President; Johnson (1865) 35; iv The First Congressional Policy of Recon-; struction (1865-1866)51; v The Judgment of North and South on; Reconstruction (1866-1867) 71; vi Radical Reconstruction at Washington; (1866-1868)85; vii Radical Reconstruction in the South; (1867-1868)109; viii The Election of Grant (1868)124; ix Economic and Social State of the Nation; (1865-11869)136; x A Critical Period in Foreign Relations; (1865-1873)i$t; xi The Climax of Radical Reconstruction; (1869-1872)174; xn The Liberal Republican Movement and its; Failure (1870-1872)190; xii CONTENTS; CHAP PAGE; xiii Political and Social Demoralization w; the South (1870-1873)203; xiv Commercial and Industrial Demoraliza-; tion in the North (186