INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE MANUAL - 1911 - FOREWORD - In an effort to present briefly and clearly the Internal Combustion Engine problem to the uninitiated, the author has compiled the data in this volume. It has been the endeavor to eliminate all obsolete practice, to put forth the best modern practice, and to illustrate all points by up-to-date commercial examples. After dose study of the conditions existing in the Internal Combustion Engine course at the U. S. Naval Academy, and after voluminous reading to discover the best general method of presenting the subject, the following was thought the best sequence to follow a The subject of fuels is first treated fully, this being the fundamental element that governs design and operation. These fuels follow in a natural sequence which order is preserved when carburetion is taken up in Chapter V. b The engine proper naturally divides itself into four systems 1 fuel system, 2 ignition system, 3 cooling system, 4 lubrication system. These are treated in detail in the above order and in Chapter X the fair systems assembled are illustrated by modern commercial engines. c Producer plants being closely allied to gas engines are given a short chapter at the end of the book. This volume being primarily intended as a text-book for midshipmen is necessarily limited in its scope by the time allowed for this course in the Naval Academy curriculum. This necessitates brevity and is responsible for many arbitrary state nents contained herein. The endeavor has been to limit these to the closest approximation to the best practices where fuller explanation would estend the book to impossible limits. The author wishes to thank the various manufacturers for the illustrations used in Chapter X, and the Hill Publishing Company for permission to reproduce some of the figures in Chapter XI. CONTENTS CIXAPTEE PAGE 1 . FUELS ..................................................... 1 2 . GEHERAL ................................................... 15 3 . CONSTRUCTION .. ............................................ 23 4 . TYPES. CYCLES. ETC ......................................... 34 5 . CARBURETION T . H E MIXTURE. I TS PREPARATIOICTA. ERURETER A S K D VAPORIZERS . .............................................. 42 6 . IGNITIOX ................................................... 52 7 . COOLING A KD LUBRICATIO . N . ................................. 64. 8 . GOVERNIKG AN D IA-DICATOCRA RDS . ............................ 69 9 . EFFICIENCY. M AKAGEMENTO. P ERATIOND. EFECTS A A-D REMEDIE . S . 82 10 . ENGIKES .................................................... 94 11 . GAS PRODUCER . S . ........................................... 126 INTERNAL CO IBUSTION ENGINE MANUAL - CHAPTER I FUELS The considerationcz governing the selection of a fuel in general are its accessibility, price, amount available, rate of combustion, and thermal value it does not naturally follow that these are the only limitations which shall regulate the choice of a fuel for use in an internal combustion engine. This being a specific form of engine requires special considerat-ion. Fuel for use in an internal combnstion engine must readily combine with air to form a combustible mixture of gas or vapor, must leave little or no solid residue after combustion, and must have certain thermo-chemical characteristics such as a proper rate of flame propagation, etc. It need not necessarily be of a very high calorific value, as will be shown later, but obviously this is desirable. The fuel is usually a compound of carbon and hydrogen, or a mixture of such compounds, found thus in nature or manufactured...