HEAT ENGINES STEAM, GAS, STEAM TURBINES AND THEIR AUXILIARIES - 1914 - FOR PREFACE TO SECOND EDLTION - The advancement in heat engines during the past four years has been such as to make it desirable to publish a new edition of this text. Among the new subjects treated , are the Stumpf Uniflow Engine, the Humphrey Gas Pump, and recent developments in stearh turbines and gas engines. It has been found also desirable to rewrite many of the chapters in order to clear up the points which experience has shown need more detailed explanation than was given in the first edition. At the same time an effort has been made not to increase materially the size of the book. The authors desire to thank those members of the faculty of the mechanical engineering department of the University of Michigan who have assisted in the preparation of this tekt by their timely suggestions, and the manufacturers who have kindly supplied many of the new cuts used. ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN Sept. 1, 1914. - PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION - In preparing this book, it has been the intention of the authors to present an elementary treatise upon the subject of Heat Engines, considering only those engines which are most commonly used in practice. It is written primarily as a text-book, the subject-matter having been used in the classes at the University of Michigan for a number of years. The forms of heat engines discussed include the steam engine with its boiler plant and auxiliaries, the gas engine with its producer, oil engines, and the principal types of steam turbines. Under each division of the text, problems have been worked out in detail to show the application of the subject-matter just treated, and, in addition, a large number of problems have been introduced for class-room work. The use of calculus and higher mathematics has been largely avoided, the only place where it is used being in the chapter on thermo-dynamics, which subject has been treated in its elementary phases only. The matter of the design of engines has been left untouched, as it was felt that that subject did not properly come within the scope of this work. The authors wish to express their thanks to Messrs. H. C. Anderson, A. H, Knight, and J. A. R, Toyer, for their assistance in compiling this work, to Mr. W. R. McKinnon who made a number of the drawings, and to the various manufacturers who have very kindly furnished illustrations and descriptions of their apparatus. ANN ARBOR, I-Sept. 1, 1910. CONTENTS CHAPTER I HEAT THEORY AN D R EASURE ZEN O T F HEAT . . . . . . . . 1 SPECIFICH EAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 RADIATIONC. O NDUCTIO A N N . D CONVECTIO . N . . . . . . . W DEFINITION O S F ENERGYW. ORK. A ND POWER . . . . . . . 8 CHAPTER I1 ELEMENTARY THERhlODYNAhlICS FIRST A ND SECONLDA WS O F THERMODYNAMICS . . . . . . . 10 EQUATIO A N N D LAWS O F PERFECTG ASES . . . . . . . . 11 ABSORPTIO O N F HEAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 JOULE L S A W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 RELATION OF SPECIFICH EATS . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 EXPAXSION IN S GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 WORK OF EXPANSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1s GENERACLA SE O F HEATA DDED . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 HEATA DDED A T COSSTANTV OLUME OR CONSTANPTR ESSUR E . . 22 ADIABATIECX PANSIO . N . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ISOTHERMAEXL PANSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 RELATION O F PRESSUREV. OLUME A ND TEMPERATUR DU E R ING EX PANSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 THEORETICAHLE ATE NGINE . . ...