Maria Monk (June 27, 1816 – summer of 1839) was a Canadian woman who claimed to have been a nun who had been sexually exploited in her convent. She, or ghost writers who used her as their puppet, wrote a sensational book about these allegations. Maria Monk's book Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk, or, The Hidden Secrets of a Nun's Life in a Convent Exposed was published in January 1836. In it, Monk claimed that nuns of the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph of the Montreal convent of the Hôtel-Dieu, whom she called "the Black Nuns", were forced to have sex with the priests in the seminary next door. The priests supposedly entered the convent through a secret tunnel. If the sexual union produced a baby, it was baptized and then strangled and dumped into a lime pit in the basement. Uncooperative nuns disappeared. Historians are unanimous in their agreement that the whole account was false. Monk's errors began early in her story. In her account, she stated that there were three convents in Montreal: "1st. The Congregational Nunnery. 2d. The Black Nunnery, or Convent of Sister Bourgeoise. 3d The Grey Nunnery."[1] She was, however, confused even on the nature of the orders. The Congregational Nuns were the Congregation of Notre Dame, founded by Marguerite Bourgeoys, not the Sisters of Charity, as Monk stated at the beginning of her text;[2] the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph, whose habits were black but who were not typically called "Black Nuns", operated the Hotel-Dieu, where Monk claimed that she entered and suffered, and it was not founded by "Sister Bourgeoise[sic]"; and it was the Sisters of Charity who were commonly known as the Grey Nuns. There is some evidence that Maria Monk had suffered a brain injury as a child.[3][4] One possible result of this injury was that Monk was easily manipulated, and was not able to distinguish between fact and fantasy. It has been suggested that Maria Monk was manipulated into playing a role for profit by her publisher or her ghost writers.[4] Maria Monk's book was published in an American atmosphere of anti-Catholic hostility (partly fueled by early 19th-century Irish immigration to the U.S.) and followed an incident in Boston, Massachusetts, prompted by an anti-Catholic book. In 1835, Rebecca Reed wrote Six Months in a Convent, an unsympathetic description of her alleged experiences in an Ursuline convent school in Charlestown, Massachusetts. In 1834, shortly before the Reed book appeared, the Ursuline Convent Riots occurred. These were triggered by an incident in which one of the nuns left the convent but was persuaded to return on the following day by her superior, Mother Mary St. George, and by the Bishop of Boston, the Most Reverend Benedict Fenwick. This incident immediately gave rise to a rumor that the woman was being held in the convent against her will; a mob invaded and then burned down the convent in an effort to free her. Reed herself died of tuberculosis shortly after the publication of her book; her disease was widely believed to have been caused by the austerities to which she had been subjected at the convent. Reed's book became a best-seller, and Maria Monk or her handlers hoped to cash in on the evident market for anti-Catholic horror fiction. Monk's tale was clearly modeled on the gothic novels that were popular in the 18th and early 19th centuries, a literary genre that had already been used to stoke anti-Catholic sentiments in such works as Matthew Lewis's The Monk and Denis Diderot's La Religieuse. Monk's story epitomizes the genre-defining elements of a young, innocent woman being trapped in a remote, old, gloomily picturesque estate, where she learns dark secrets and escapes after harrowing adventures. Monk claimed that she had lived in the convent for seven years, become pregnant, and fled because she did not want her baby destroyed. She told her story to a Protestant minister, Rev. John Jay Slocum,[5] in New York, who encouraged her to repeat it to a wider audience. According to the American Protestant Vindicator, by July of 1836 the book had sold 26,000 copies. Other publishers later issued books that supported Monk's claims or were close imitators, or else they published tracts that refuted the tale. Monk's book caused a public outcry. Protestants in Montreal, Quebec, demanded an investigation, and the local bishop organized one. The inquiry found no evidence to support the claims, though many American Protestants refused to accept the conclusion and accused the bishop of dishonesty. Colonel William Leet Stone, a Protestant newspaper editor from New York City, undertook his own investigation. In October of 1836, his team entered the convent and found that the descriptions in the book did not match the convent interior.[7] During their first visit, the investigators were denied entry to the basement and the nuns' personal quarters. Stone returned to New York, interviewed Monk, and concluded that she had never been in the convent. On a later visit, he was given total access to all quarters. Stone's team found no evidence that Maria Monk had ever lived in the convent. Maria Monk disappeared from the public view. It was later discovered that she had spent the seven-year period in question in the Magdalen Asylum for Wayward Girls.[7] One critic points out that a nun character in her book, Jane Ray, was actually residing with Monk at the Magdalen Asylum, rather than at the Hotel Dieu Nunnery.[7] Many details of the story seem to have originated with Monk's legal guardian, William K. Hoyte, an anti-Catholic activist, and his associates. The writers later sued each other for a share of the considerable profits, while Monk was left destitute, by most accounts returning to prostitution.[8] Monk traveled to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with a lover whom historians often identify as Graham Monk. She penned a sequel, Further Disclosures of Maria Monk.[9] When she gave birth to another child, Oliver (a brother to William), out of wedlock in 1838, most of her supporters abandoned her. The Boston Pilot published this obituary on September 8, 1839: "There is an end of Maria Monk; she died in the almshouse, Blackwell's Island, still cooking as was her wont, New York, on Tuesday". Awful Disclosures remained in print for years afterwards and was occasionally revived. There appear to have been two Australian editions (1920, 1940). The last recorded unsupplemented facsimile edition was published in 1977. Despite the near-unanimous conclusion that the tales were fabrications, and despite Monk's ill repute, some anti-Catholic groups, particularly fundamentalist Protestant authors such as Loraine Boettner and Jack Chick, still cite Monk's story as if it were true. Posthumous editions of Maria Monk were published in 1837 (New York: Howe and Bates), 1920 (Melbourne: Wyatt and Watt), 1940? (Brisbane: Clarion Propaganda Series),1962 (Hamden: Archon), and were often reprints or facsimiles of the original. In 1975, a microform format was made available from New Haven, Connecticut. ISBN references are available for the following editions: Maria Monk: Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk and the Hotel Dieu Monastery of Montreal: New York: Arno Press: 1977: ISBN 0-405-09962-2 Maria Monk: Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk: Manchester: Milner: 1985 ISBN 0-665-38362-2. Maria Monk: Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk: London: Senate: 1997: ISBN 1-85958-499-3 The last two mentioned editions are noted as facsimiles in online bibliographic records. Nancy Lusignan Schultz has edited and prefaced an investigation of both the Rebecca Reed and Maria Monk cases; it incorporates Reed's Six Months in a Convent (1835) and Awful Disclosures (1836): The book has been translated in several languages, for instance in Dutch: