James Morrison Steele MacKaye (pronounced /məˈkаɪ/ mə-KYE) (June 6, 1842 – February 25, 1894) was an American playwright, actor, theater manager and inventor. Having acted, written, directed and produced numerous and popular plays and theatrical spectaculars of the day, he became one of the most famous actors and theater producers of his generation.[1] Steele MacKaye was born in Buffalo, New York. His father, Colonel James M. MacKaye, was a successful attorney and an ardent abolitionist; his mother died when he was young.[2] While young, he attended Roe's Military Academy in Cornwall-on-Hudson and the William Leverett Boarding School in Newport. Under the influence from his father, who was also an art connoisseur, MacKaye initially planned to become an artist. During his teens he studied painting with William Morris Hunt, then continued his studies at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris.[3] He returned to the U.S. in order to serve for the Union Army during the American Civil War.[4] A member of New York's Seventh Regiment, he eventually rose to the rank of Major before an illness forced his retirement. MacKaye would later model in full uniform for John Quincy Adams Ward's Seventh Regiment Memorial statue, which stands in Central Park.[5] A sister of his was Sarah Loring MacKaye, (1841-1876) an ardent abolitionist and a woman of extraordinary charm and brilliance, and a pianist of professional ability. Her friends and admirers collaborated on a book of commermorative tributes to her character and genius. She was married in Switzerland in 1865 to Dr. Lewis Tillman Warner of New York City who was an influential and respected homeopathic physician.[6] In 1869, MacKaye traveled to Paris with his family, where he became the disciple of the renowned French acting teacher François Delsarte.[7] Under Delsarte, MacKaye learned to enhance performance through pose and gesture. He would later teach and utilize this system during his career. On his return to the United States a year later, he lectured on the philosophy of ethics and "natural" acting in New York, Boston and elsewhere.[8] In 1873 he became the first American actor to portray Hamlet in London. MacKaye was the author of thirty plays. As a dramatist, MacKaye is seen as representative of the transition from an older theatrical tradition to a newer one, incorporating realism and naturalistic portrayals. His first play to be published was Hazel Kirke, which was privately printed in New York in 1880.[9] In the mid-1880s he helped establish the first school of acting in the United States, the Lyceum Theatre School, which later became the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (AADA). He was also well known for his theatrical innovations, having invented a variety of devices including flame-proof curtains, folding theater seats[10] and the "Nebulator", a machine for creating clouds onstage.[11] In all, he patented over 100 theatrical inventions.[12] By 1885, MacKaye had established three theaters in New York City: the St. James, Madison Square and the Lyceum Theatre. For the Chicago World's Fair of 1893, he began to construct a theatre capable of seating 10,000 people—the "Spectatorium"—but the Panic of 1893 deprived the project of necessary funds. The project was left incomplete. MacKaye married Jeannie Spring, the daughter of Marcus Spring, during the time he was teaching art at Marcus Spring's Eagleswood Military Academy, in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. After a brief marriage to Jeannie, which ended in divorce, MacKaye married his second wife, Mary K. Medbery, in 1865. The couple had six children, three of which were James MacKaye, Percy MacKaye and Benton MacKaye. His son Percy published his father's biography, Epoch: The Life of Steele MacKaye, in 1927. He wrote the plays Monaldi and Marriage. Other works include: