Willa Siebert Cather (December 7, 1873[1] – April 24, 1947) was an American author who grew up in Nebraska. She is best known for her depictions of frontier life on the Great Plains in novels such as O Pioneers!, My Ántonia, and The Song of the Lark. Born Wilella Siebert Cather in 1873 on a small farm in the Back Creek valley near Winchester, Virginia. Her father was Charles Fectigue Cather (d. 1928), whose family had lived on land in the valley for six generations. Her mother was born Mary Virginia Boak (d. 1931). Mary had six more children after Willa: Roscoe, Douglass, Jessica, James, John, and Elsie.[2] In 1883, Cather moved with her family to Catherton in Webster County, Nebraska. The following year the family relocated to Red Cloud, the county seat. Cather spent the rest of her childhood in the town which she later made famous by her writing career. When Willa Cather insisted on attending college, her family borrowed money for her to attend the University of Nebraska. While in college, Cather became a regular contributor to the Nebraska State Journal. Later she moved to Pittsburgh. After receiving a job offer from McClure's Magazine, she moved to New York City for her career. McClure's Magazine serialized her first novel, Alexander's Bridge, a work heavily influenced by her admiration for the style of Henry James. Cather was born into a Baptist family, but in 1922 joined the Episcopal Church. After moving to New York, she began to attend Sunday services in the Episcopal Church as early as 1906.[3] Cather moved to join the editorial staff of McClure's and in 1908 was promoted to managing editor. As a journalist, she co-authored, alongside Georgina M. Wells, a critical biography of Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of Christian Science. It was serialized in McClure's in 1907-8 and published the next year as a book. Christian Scientists were outraged and tried to buy every copy.The Syracuse Herald, Sat. Eve. 2 Mar 1907, Pg 7, Col 5-7 The work was reprinted by the University of Nebraska Press in 1993.In 1942 cather moved out In New York Cather met a variety of authors. Sarah Orne Jewett advised her to rely less on the influence of Henry James and more on her own experiences in Nebraska. For her novels, Cather returned to the prairie for inspiration and also drew on her experiences in France. These works became both popular and critical successes. In 1923 she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours, published in 1922. This work had been inspired by reading her cousin G.P. Cather's wartime letters home to his mother. He was the first officer from Nebraska killed in World War I. Those letters are now held in the George Cather Ray Collection at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries. Cather was celebrated by critics like H.L. Mencken for writing in plainspoken language about ordinary people. When novelist Sinclair Lewis won the Nobel Prize in Literature, he paid homage to her by saying that Cather should have won the honor. Later critics tended to favor more experimental authors. In times of political activism some attacked Cather, a political conservative, for writing about conditions of ordinary people, rather than working to change them. Cather received both national and state honors. In 1973, the United States Postal Service honored Willa Cather by using her image on a postage stamp. In 1981 the U.S. Mint created the Willa Cather medallion, a half-ounce gold coin. Cather was elected to the Nebraska Hall of Fame. In 1986, Cather was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame. Her alma mater, the University of Nebraska, named residence halls after both Cather and her college friend, Louise Pound. Pound had a lifelong career as professor of English at the university and was the first woman president of the Modern Language Association.[4] The Willa Cather Pioneer Memorial and Educational Foundation (now the Willa Cather Foundation) was founded in 1955 to support the study of her life and work and the maintain many sites in her hometown of Red Cloud, Nebraska. As a student at the University of Nebraska in the early 1890s, Cather sometimes used the masculine nickname "William" and wore masculine clothes. [5] A photograph in the University of Nebraska archives depicts Cather, "her hair shingled, at a time when long hair was fashionable, and dressed boyishly." [6] Throughout Cather's adult life, her most significant relationships were with women. These included her college friend, Louise Pound; the Pittsburgh socialite, Isabelle McClung, with whom Cather traveled to Europe; opera singer Olive Fremstad; and most notably, the editor Edith Lewis. Cather's sexual identity remains, however, a point of contention amongst scholars with many arguing for Cather as a lesbian and interpreting her work through a lens of queer theory while a highly vocal contingent of Cather scholars adamantly oppose such considerations. Professor Janet Sharistanian has written, "Cather did not label herself a lesbian nor would she wish us to do so, and we do not know whether her relationships with women were sexual. In any case, it is anachronistic to assume that if Cather's historical context had been different, she would have chosen to write overtly about homoerotic love." [7] Cather's relationship with Lewis began in the early 1900s. The two women lived together in a series of apartments in New York City from 1912 until the writer's death in 1947. From 1913 to 1927, Cather and Lewis lived at No. 5 Bank Street in Greenwich Village. They had to move as the apartment was to be taken down during construction of the Seventh Avenue subway line.[8] Lewis later served as the literary trustee for the Cather estate.[9] In her later life, Cather spent summers on Grand Manan Island, in New Brunswick, Canada, in the Bay of Fundy, where she owned a cottage in Whale Cove.[10] Cather is buried in Jaffrey, New Hampshire. A resolutely private person, Cather destroyed many old drafts, personal papers, and letters. Her will restricted the ability of scholars to quote from those personal papers that remain. Since the 1980s, feminist and other academic writers have explored Cather's sexual orientation and the influence of her female friendships on her work. Most recently, her work has been viewed at the vanguard of Ecocriticism, a contemporary theoretical approach to the analysis of art that seeks out ecological awareness. [1] Cather received many honorary degrees, beginning with a doctorate from the University of Nebraska in 1917. She also received degrees from University of Michigan, Columbia, Yale, California-Berkeley, Princeton, (the first to receive an honorary degree) and Smith College. [2] This does not include recent collections of early stories which were originally published in periodicals.[11] [12] "Peter" · "Lou, the Prophet" · "The Elopement of Allen Poole" · "A Tale of the White Pyramid" · "A Son of the Celestial" · "The Clemency of the Court" · "The Fear That Walks by Noonday" · "On the Divide" · "A Night at Greenway Court" · "Tommy, the Unsentimental" · "The Princess Baladina - Her Adventure" · "The Count of Crow's Nest" · "The Burglar's Christmas" · "The Strategy of the Were-Wolf Dog" · "A Resurrection" · "The Prodigies" · "Nanette: An Aside" · "The Way of the World" · "The Westbound Train" · "Eric Hermannson's Soul" · "The Dance at Chevalier's" · "The Sentimentality of William Tavener" · "The Affair at Grover Station" · "A Singer's Romance" · "The Conversion of Sum Loo" · "Jack-a-Boy" · "El Dorado: A Kansas Recessional" · "The Professor's Commencement" · "The Treasure of Far Island" · "A Death in the Desert" · "A Wagner Matinee" · "The Sculptor's Funeral" · "Flavia and Her Artists" · "The Garden Lodge" · "The Marriage of Phaedra" · "Paul's Case" · "The Namesake" · "The Profile" · "The Willing Muse" · "Eleanor's House" · "On the Gulls' Road" · "The Enchanted Bluff" · "The Joy of Nelly Deane" · "Behind the Singer Tower" · "The Bohemian Girl" · "Consequences" · "The Bookkeeper's Wife" · "The Diamond Mine" · "A Gold Slipper" · "Ardessa" · "Scandal" · "Her Boss" · "Coming, Eden Bower!" · "Uncle Valentine" · "Double Birthday" · "Neighbour Rosicky" · "Two Friends" · "The Old Beauty" · "Before Breakfast" · "The Best Years"